En las últimas cinco décadas, más de 280 millones de personas, es decir, el 4 % de la población mundial, ha debido emigrar hacia otros países generando desafíos sustanciales desde el punto de vista político, económico, social y humanitario para las naciones receptoras (OIM, 2020). En este escenario, Chile ocupa un lugar protagónico en América Latina como país receptor de inmigrantes durante la última década (BM, 2023), proyectándose que para 2024 los extranjeros constituyan el 10 % de la población chilena, duplicando su presencia en los últimos cinco años (INE, 2021). Sin embargo, este fenómeno migratorio ha implicado desafíos en los países receptores, vinculados a la diversidad cultural y la integración de nuevos actores en la vida social y laboral (OIT, 2021).

In the past three decades, several changes have taken place in clinical andrology. Gradually, empirical treatments are being replaced by techniques of assisted reproduction, i.e. intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In particular, the introduction of ICSI in 1992 [1, 2] has completely changed the clinical approach towards male infertility by offering a novel opportunity for parenthood even to azoospermic men. A single spermatozoon can be injected into an oocyte and result in normal fertilization, embryonic development, and implantation. Not only ejaculated spermatozoa can be used, but epididymal or testicular spermatozoa can also be used for ICSI. Testicular spermatozoa can be retrieved in some patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) because of the persistence of isolated foci of active spermatogenesis. The first pregnancies using epididymal and testicular spermatozoa in men with obstructive azoospermia (OA) and NOA were published in 1993 and 1995, respectively [3-6]. Surgical retrieval of spermatozoa for ICSI has become a routine technique in clinical andrology. Several techniques are available to retrieve epididymal or testicular spermatozoa. Although there is no real method of choice, some guidelines may be given in order to make the best choice for a specific clinical setting. ICSI has also reinforced the role of non-surgical techniques to retrieve sperm in men suffering from anejaculation.

This chapter seeks to show how the society of the digital swarm we live in has changed the way individuals behave to the point that we have become Homo digitalis. These changes occur with information privatization, meaning that not only are we passive consumers, but we are also producers and issuers of digital communication. The overarching argument of this reflection is the disappearance of the “reality principle” in the political, economic, and social spheres. This text highlights that the loss of the reality principle is the effect of microblogging as a digital practice, the uses of which can either impoverish the space of people's experience to undermine the public space or achieve the mobilization of citizens against of the censorship of the traditional means of communication by authoritarian political regimes, such as the case of the Arab Spring in 2011.